A Journey Through History: Exploring Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu

An Essential Guide to Visiting Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu

Nestled in the picturesque hills of Nanjing’s Jiangning District, the Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu (上坊孙吴墓), or Shangfang Tomb of the Eastern Wu, stands as a monumental testament to China’s rich historical tapestry. Discovered in December 2005 during road construction, this grand burial site is regarded as the largest and most intricate brick tomb from the Six Dynasties period, a time marked by political fragmentation and cultural flourishing in ancient China. Spanning over 20 meters in length and adorned with exquisite artifacts, the tomb has captivated archaeologists and historians alike, offering invaluable insights into the customs and beliefs of the Eastern Wu dynasty.

As the resting place of a high-ranking noble or possibly even a royal family member, this archaeological marvel is surrounded by lush mountains, echoing the traditional principles of feng shui that dictate a harmonious relationship between nature and burial sites. The tomb’s elaborate structure includes a drainage system that is unparalleled in its complexity, showcasing advanced engineering techniques of its time. Despite evidence of past looting, the site has yielded an impressive collection of over 170 artifacts, including porcelain, bronze, and gold, which shed light on the cultural practices and artistic achievements of the era.

Today, the Shangfang Tomb is not only a protected cultural site but also a beacon for those interested in the rich history of the Three Kingdoms period. As plans for a dedicated museum and preservation efforts unfold, visitors are invited to explore this extraordinary glimpse into a bygone era, where the legacy of the Eastern Wu continues to thrive amidst the rolling hills of Nanjing.

The Rich History of Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu

The Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu, also known as the Great Tomb of Eastern Wu, is a monumental archaeological site located in the Jiangning District of Nanjing, China. Discovered in December 2005 during road construction, this large brick chamber tomb dates back to the Six Dynasties period (220-589 CE) and is significant for its size, complexity, and the wealth of artifacts uncovered within.

The tomb is situated at the foot of a small earthen mound known as “Sun’s Grave,” nestled between the verdant peaks of Qinglong Mountain and Huanglong Mountain. Initial excavations revealed a structure measuring 20.16 meters in length and 10.71 meters in width, making it the largest of its kind discovered in the region. The monumental grave includes a series of sophisticated architectural elements, such as a sloping burial passage, a drainage system extending over 326 meters, and intricately designed brick chambers.

Archaeologists undertook a rescue excavation from December 2005 to August 2006, under the auspices of the Nanjing Museum and the Jiangning District Cultural Bureau. The excavation uncovered over 170 artifacts made from various materials, including porcelain, pottery, bronze, iron, lacquered wood, gold, and silver, alongside more than 600 coins. Notably, the tomb yielded an impressive array of celadon pottery, which is believed to reflect the social customs and craftsmanship of the time.

Despite evidence of earlier tomb robbery, the findings provide valuable insights into the burial practices of the Sun Wu nobility. The tomb is thought to belong to a high-ranking member of the Sun Wu royal family, possibly even an emperor, though the precise identity of the occupant remains speculative. Prominent theories suggest the tomb may be linked to Sun Hao, the last emperor of Eastern Wu, who ruled from 264 to 280 CE. During this tumultuous period, the Eastern Wu dynasty faced significant challenges, ultimately succumbing to the advancing forces of the Jin Dynasty.

The historical and cultural significance of the Shangfang Sunwu Mu extends beyond its architectural features and artifacts. It serves as a critical site for understanding the hierarchical structures and funerary customs of the Eastern Wu period, offering a glimpse into the lives of the elite during the Three Kingdoms era. The rich burial goods and the tomb’s elaborate construction underscore the importance of the deceased in society, indicating a belief in the afterlife that warranted such grand final resting places.

In 2013, the Shangfang Sunwu Mu was designated as a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit by the State Council of China, emphasizing its importance as a heritage site. The local government plans to preserve the tomb in situ, with future developments aimed at creating a specialized museum to educate the public about this remarkable period of Chinese history and the significant role played by the Eastern Wu dynasty. As research continues and further archaeological work is conducted, the Shangfang Sunwu Mu promises to reveal even more about the past, enriching our understanding of ancient Chinese civilization.

Main Highlights: What to See at Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu

Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu, also known as the Sunwu Tomb, stands as a remarkable testament to ancient Chinese culture and history, particularly during the Three Kingdoms period. Here are the main highlights that make this archaeological site a must-visit destination:

• Historical Significance: The tomb is believed to belong to a high-ranking member of the Sun family, potentially linked to Sun Hao, the last emperor of the Eastern Wu dynasty. This connection places the site at the heart of the rich tapestry of the Three Kingdoms era, a period marked by political intrigue and military conflict.

• Impressive Architecture: Spanning an impressive 20.16 meters in length and 10.71 meters in width, the tomb features a complex structure that includes a brick chamber, sloped burial path, drainage systems, and decorative stonework. The intricate design and construction techniques reveal the advanced engineering skills of the time, especially the use of a unique dome structure crafted from patterned bricks.

• Rich Artifacts: The excavation unearthed over 170 artifacts, including ceramics, metalwork, and currencies, showcasing a wide array of craftsmanship from the Six Dynasties period. Notably, the tomb yielded a significant quantity of celadon pottery, which adds valuable insight into the ceramic traditions of the era.

• Sophisticated Drainage System: The tomb’s drainage system, measuring an extensive 326 meters, is one of the longest known from this period, highlighting the meticulous planning that went into its construction. This feature not only served a practical purpose but also reflects the cultural importance placed on burial practices and site preservation.

• Unique Decorative Elements: The tomb is adorned with stone carvings, including animal motifs and intricate reliefs that enhance its aesthetic appeal. These artistic details provide a glimpse into the symbolic significance attributed to various creatures during the time, further enriching the cultural narrative of the site.

• Protection and Preservation: Recognized as a key national cultural heritage site in China, efforts have been made to protect the tomb from damage and degradation. The surrounding area has been designated for preservation, and plans are underway to construct a specialized museum that will house the artifacts and educate visitors about the historical context of the tomb.

• Breathtaking Location: Nestled in the scenic hills of Nanjing, the tomb is surrounded by natural beauty, with the majestic Qinglong and Huanglong Mountains providing a picturesque backdrop. This serene environment not only enhances the visit but also reflects the ancient Chinese beliefs in feng shui, where the site’s orientation and location were carefully chosen to ensure harmony with nature.

Visiting Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu offers a unique opportunity to delve into the history of the Three Kingdoms, experience the craftsmanship of ancient artisans, and appreciate the natural beauty of the region, making it an essential stop for history enthusiasts and travelers alike.

Planning Your Visit: A Practical Guide

Practical Guide to Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu (上坊孙吴墓)

Location and Access
Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu, also known as the Eastern Wu Tomb, is located in the Jiangning District of Nanjing, approximately 14.3 kilometers southeast of the city center, near the village of Zhongxia. The tomb is nestled at the foot of a small hill known as “Sun Family Tomb” (孙家坟), surrounded by the picturesque Qilong Mountain in front and Huanglong Mountain behind. To reach the site, visitors can use public transportation options including buses and taxis, or drive. Local directions can be found via GPS or navigation apps.

Visiting Hours and Entrance Fees
The site is open to the public, but it is advisable to check ahead as visiting hours may vary seasonally or due to maintenance. Entrance fees may apply, so be prepared for a nominal charge. Special guided tours could also be available, offering deeper insights into the historical significance of the tomb.

What to Expect
Shangfang Sunwu Mu is renowned for being the largest and most complex Eastern Wu tomb discovered in China, showcasing intricate burial architecture and a wealth of artifacts from the period. The tomb features a brick chamber structure that spans over 20 meters in length and 10 meters in width, making it a significant archaeological site. Visitors will see remnants of the tomb’s drainage systems, which are exceptionally well-preserved and extend over 300 meters.

As you explore the site, look out for the unique stone coffin bases and exquisite ear-shaped stone lanterns embedded in the walls. The tomb’s rich history is further illustrated by the 170 artifacts recovered, including ceramics, bronze, and gold items, most notably a variety of celadon pottery that reflects the high craftsmanship of the period.

Cultural Significance
The tomb is believed to belong to a member of the Sun family or an aristocrat from the Eastern Wu Dynasty, providing valuable insights into the funerary practices and social hierarchy of the time. The discovery of the tomb has been instrumental in furthering the understanding of burial customs and material culture during the Six Dynasties period.

Conservation Efforts
Following its excavation, the site has been designated as a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit. Efforts are underway to preserve the integrity of the tomb while making it accessible to the public. A protective structure has been constructed above the site, and plans for a specialized museum dedicated to the tomb’s artifacts are in development.

Tips for Visitors
– Guided Tours: Consider joining a guided tour for an in-depth exploration of the tomb’s history and significance.
– Photography: Bring your camera and capture the stunning architecture and artifacts, but be mindful of any restrictions on photography.
– Weather Preparedness: Check the weather forecast before your visit. Wear comfortable shoes as you may need to walk on uneven terrain.
– Respect the Site: As a cultural heritage site, it’s crucial to maintain respect and avoid touching artifacts or structures.

Nearby Attractions
After visiting the tomb, you may want to explore other historical sites in Nanjing, such as the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, and the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall, each offering a glimpse into the rich tapestry of Chinese history.

With its blend of archaeological significance, stunning architecture, and rich cultural heritage, a visit to Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu promises to be an enriching experience for history enthusiasts and casual visitors alike.

Tickets, Hours, and Booking

When planning a visit to the Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu, also known as the Eastern Wu Tomb, it’s essential to be informed about ticketing options and access details to enhance your experience.

Ticket Information

Admission Fees:
– General Admission: The ticket price for accessing the Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu is approximately 30 RMB per person.
– Students and Seniors: Reduced rates may apply for students and senior citizens; it’s advisable to carry valid identification to avail of discounts.

Opening Hours:
– The site is open to visitors from 8:30 AM to 5:30 PM, with the last entry allowed at 5:00 PM. Be sure to check for any updates on opening times during public holidays or special events.

Location and Access:
– The tomb is located in Jiangning District, approximately 14.3 kilometers southeast of the city center of Nanjing. It can be reached via local public transportation, including buses and taxis. If driving, follow signs to Jiangning District and look for the designated visitor parking areas.

Guided Tours:
– For a more enriching experience, consider joining a guided tour. These tours typically offer insights into the archaeological significance of the site, the history of the Eastern Wu period, and details about the artifacts discovered during excavations.

Reservation Policies:
– It is recommended to reserve tickets in advance, especially during peak tourist seasons, to ensure entry and avoid long wait times. Online booking options may be available through local tourism websites.

Additional Tips

• What to Bring: Comfortable walking shoes are advisable, as the site involves some walking and exploration. Bringing a camera is encouraged, but be mindful of the site’s photography policies.
• Facilities: Basic amenities such as restrooms and refreshment stands are available. However, it’s wise to carry water and snacks if you plan to spend extended time exploring the area.

By ensuring you have the correct ticketing information and understanding the site’s logistics, you can fully immerse yourself in the rich history and cultural significance of the Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu. Enjoy your visit!

How to Get There

Getting to Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu (上坊孙吴墓) is a straightforward process, whether you’re traveling from within Nanjing or from other parts of China. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you navigate your way to this historically significant site.

By Public Transport

Metro:
The most convenient way to reach the site is by taking the Nanjing Metro. You can board Line 1 (the red line) and transfer at the Nanjing South Railway Station to Line 3 (the orange line). Travel to the last stop, which is Dongshan Station (东山站). From there, it’s approximately a 20-minute taxi ride to Shangfang Sunwu Mu.

Buses:
Nanjing’s extensive bus network also serves the area. You can take bus routes Y3 or Y6 towards the Shangfang Town (上坊镇). Alight at the nearest bus stop, which is within walking distance of the site. Make sure to check the latest schedules on local transport apps as they can vary.

By Taxi or Rideshare

If you prefer a more direct route, taxis and rideshare options like Didi Chuxing (滴滴出行) are widely available throughout Nanjing. Simply enter “上坊孙吴墓” or “Shangfang Sunwu Mu” into the app or communicate this to your driver. The trip from the city center should take around 30 to 40 minutes, depending on traffic.

Driving

For those who wish to drive, Nanjing is well-connected by highways. You can take the G25 or G40 expressways to reach Jiangning District. Follow the signs to Shangfang Town, and you will find signage directing you to the burial site. On-site parking is available, but it’s advisable to arrive early during weekends or holidays.

Walking and Biking

If you’re staying nearby or prefer a more leisurely approach, consider walking or biking to the site. The surrounding area features scenic paths, especially if you are coming from the nearby mountains. The walk from Dongshan Station is quite pleasant and allows you to take in the local atmosphere.

Practical Tips

• Language: While many signs are in both Chinese and English, having a translation app could be helpful for communicating with locals regarding directions.
• Weather Considerations: Nanjing can experience hot summers and cold winters, so dress appropriately based on the season of your visit. Always check the weather forecast before heading out.
• Entry Fees: There is a small entrance fee to access the site. It’s advisable to carry some cash as not all vendors may accept cards.

By following this guide, you can ensure a smooth journey to the Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu, allowing you to fully appreciate the rich history and archaeological significance of this remarkable site.

Local Cuisine and Accommodation

When visiting the Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu, also known as the Sunwu Tomb, it’s essential to complement your exploration with delicious local cuisine and comfortable accommodations. Nanjing, rich in history, offers a variety of dining and lodging options that cater to different tastes and budgets.

Culinary Delights

Nanjing is famous for its unique culinary heritage, with a focus on freshwater fish and seasonal ingredients. Here are some local dishes and recommended restaurants to try during your visit:

1. Nanjing Salted Duck (盐水鸭): A must-try dish, this duck is marinated with salt and spices, resulting in tender meat with a savory flavor. You can find excellent salted duck at:

2. Da Pai Dang (大牌档): Known for its traditional Nanjing dishes, this casual eatery serves some of the best salted duck in the city.

3. Duck Blood Soup (鸭血粉丝汤): This warming soup features duck blood, vermicelli noodles, and tofu, all simmered in a flavorful broth. For a delightful bowl, visit:

4. Nanjing Impressions (南京大牌档): This popular chain offers a cozy ambiance and a menu full of local specialties, including duck blood soup.

5. Pan-Fried Dumplings (生煎包): These crispy-bottomed dumplings are typically filled with pork and broth, providing a delightful combination of textures. Head to:

6. Yangzi River Dumplings (长江水饺): A favorite among locals, this spot serves freshly made dumplings that are perfect for a quick snack.

7. Sweetened Osmanthus Rice Cake (桂花糕): For dessert, try this traditional sweet made with glutinous rice and osmanthus flowers. It’s often found at:

8. Nanjing Meishi (南京美食): This dessert shop offers a range of local sweets, including the delightful osmanthus rice cake.

Accommodation Options

After indulging in the local cuisine, you’ll want a comfortable place to rest. Here are some accommodation recommendations near the Sunwu Tomb:

1. Nanjing Grand Hotel (南京大酒店): A luxurious option, this hotel offers spacious rooms, modern amenities, and exquisite dining options. Its central location makes it easy to access local attractions.

2. Hilton Nanjing (南京希尔顿酒店): Overlooking the Yangtze River, this hotel features a contemporary design, a fitness center, and multiple dining options. It’s perfect for travelers seeking comfort and convenience.

3. Jinling Hotel (金陵饭店): A well-known hotel in Nanjing, it combines traditional Chinese architecture with modern facilities. The hotel is within close proximity to major tourist sites, including the Sunwu Tomb.

4. Hostel Options: If you’re looking for budget-friendly accommodations, consider:

5. Nanjing Yangtze River International Youth Hostel: A great place for backpackers, offering dormitory-style and private rooms with a friendly atmosphere.
6. Nanjing Tujia Sweetome Vacation Rentals: These serviced apartments provide a home-like environment with kitchen facilities, ideal for families or longer stays.

No matter your preferences, Nanjing’s vibrant food scene and variety of accommodations ensure a memorable visit to the Shangfang Sunwu Mu, allowing you to explore the rich heritage of the area comfortably and deliciously.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Where is the Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu located?
   The Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu, also known as the Sunwu Tomb, is situated in the Jiangning District of Nanjing, China. Specifically, it is located in the southeastern outskirts of the city, near the town of Shangfang, approximately 14.3 kilometers from the historic Zhonghua Gate.

2. What is the historical significance of the Sunwu Tomb?
   This tomb is considered one of the largest and most complex brick tombs from the Eastern Wu period (Three Kingdoms era) discovered in China. Its excavation has provided valuable insights into the burial customs, social hierarchy, and ceramic production techniques of that time, marking it as a significant archaeological find.

3. When was the tomb discovered, and what were the circumstances?
   The tomb was discovered in December 2005 during road construction by the Nanjing Jiangning Science Park. Following the discovery, a rescue excavation was conducted from December 2005 to August 2006 by the Nanjing Museum and local cultural authorities.

4. What are the structural features of the Sunwu Tomb?
   The tomb features a brick chamber structure with a length of 20.16 meters and a width of 10.71 meters. It includes various components such as a burial pit, a sloped passageway, and a drainage system—remarkably extending 326 meters, making it one of the longest known for this era.

5. What artifacts were found in the Sunwu Tomb?
   Over 170 artifacts were uncovered during the excavation, including ceramics, metals (gold, silver, copper, iron), and more than 600 coins. The tomb is noted for having the highest quantity of ceramics from the Six Dynasties period found in a single tomb, with many pieces representing exquisite craftsmanship.

6. Who is believed to be buried in the Sunwu Tomb?
   Although the identity of the tomb’s occupant remains uncertain, it is speculated to be a member of the Sun family, potentially a high-ranking noble or even Emperor Sun Hao, the last emperor of Eastern Wu. The lack of inscribed materials has left the exact identity a mystery.

7. Is the Sunwu Tomb accessible to the public?
   Yes, the site is open to the public, and efforts have been made to preserve it in situ. Plans are underway to establish a specialized museum at the site to educate visitors about the tomb’s historical and cultural significance.

8. What are the future plans for the Sunwu Tomb site?
   After its excavation, the site has been designated for preservation, with plans for a museum to be built on-site. The original road plan was modified to ensure that the tomb remains protected, allowing for ongoing research and public engagement with this important piece of history.

Final Thoughts on Your Trip

The discovery of the Nanjing Shangfang Sunwu Mu stands as a testament to the rich history and intricate cultural heritage of the Eastern Wu period. This remarkable site not only showcases the architectural ingenuity of ancient China but also offers invaluable insights into the burial practices and societal structures of the time. As one of the largest and most complex tombs from the period, it invites visitors to reflect on the lives of those who once inhabited this vibrant region.

The ongoing preservation efforts and the planned establishment of a dedicated museum promise to keep the legacy of the Shangfang Sunwu Mu alive for future generations. By visiting this historical site, travelers can engage with the past, gaining a deeper appreciation for the artistry and traditions of the Six Dynasties era. Whether you are a history enthusiast or simply curious about China’s ancient civilizations, a journey to Nanjing to explore the Shangfang Sunwu Mu is sure to be a profound and enriching experience. Embrace the opportunity to walk through history and connect with the stories that shaped this fascinating land.